Fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos de casos de hanseníase associados ao desempenho da avaliação de seus contatos no Ceará, 2008-2019 / Factores sociodemográficos y clínicos de los casos de lepra asociados con el desempeño de la evaluación de sus contactos en Ceará, Brasil, 2008-2019 / Socio-demographic and clinical factors of leprosy cases associated with the performance of the evaluation of their contacts in Ceará, Brazil, 2008-2019

Objetivo:Analisar o efeito de características sociodemográficas e clínicas de casos novos (CNs) de hanseníase como determinantes no desempenho da avaliação dos contatos. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com abordagem temporal do indicador de avaliação de 100% os contatos examinados de CNs registrados no Ceará, Brasil, via Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), em 2008-2019. Empregou-se regressão logística para estimar razão de chances-odds ratio (OR) com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). A tendência temporal baseou-se em regressão joinpoint. Resultados: Foram analisados 23.675 CNs, 65,4% com contatos examinados. Verificou-se maior chance para não avaliação de 100% dos contatos registrados com CN multibacilar (OR=1,19 - IC95% 1,11;1,28) e com exame de contatos como modo de entrada (OR=1,71 - IC95% 1,35;2,18). A tendência temporal do indicador foi de aumento (variação percentual anual: 2,1 - IC95% 1,2;3,0). Conclusão: Dimensões distintas de vulnerabilidade individual e social de CNs de hanseníase influenciam o persistente desempenho insatisfatório da avaliação de contatos.

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre características sociodemográficas y clínicas de casos nuevos (CNs) de lepra como determinantes para el desempeño de la evaluación de contactos. Métodos: Estudio transversal con abordaje temporal del indicador de evaluación de 100% de los contactos examinados de cada CN registrado en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables del Estado de Ceará, Brasil, 2008-2019. Análisis de regresión logística para estimar la razón de probabilidades (OR) e intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC95%), y tendencia temporal basada por regresión joinpoint. Resultados: Fueron analizados 23.675 CN, 65,4% con contactos examinados. Se verificó mayor probabilidad para la no-evaluación del 100% de los contactos registrados cuando el CN: era multibacilar (OR=1,19 - IC95% 1,11;1,28) y forma de entrada por examen de contactos (OR=1,71 - IC95% 1,35;2,18). Tendencia temporal de aumento de este indicador (cambio porcentual anual: 2,1 (IC95% 1,2;3,0). Conclusión: Diferentes dimensiones de la vulnerabilidad individual y social de los nuevos casos de lepra en Ceará influyen en el desempeño insatisfactorio persistente de la evaluación de sus contactos.

Objective: To analyze the effect of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of new leprosy cases as determinants in the performance of the evaluation of their contacts Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, with a temporal approach to the evaluation indicator of 100% of contacts examined of each new case (NC) registered in the state of Ceará, Brazil, on the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), in 2008-2019. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The temporal trends were analyzed using joinpoint regression. Results: 23,675 NCs, 65.4% with contacts examined were analyzed. It was less likely to evaluate 100% of the registered contacts when the new cases were multibacillary (OR=1.19 - 95%CI 1.11;1.28) and with examination of contacts as an entry mode (OR=1.71 - 95%CI 1.35;2.18). There was an increasing temporal trend of the indicator (Annual Percentage Change: 2.1 - 95%CI 1.2;3.0). Conclusion: Distinct dimensions of individual and social vulnerability among new leprosy cases influenced the persistent unsatisfactory performance of the evaluation of contacts.

Importance of epidemiological surveillance of leprosy: analysis of the occurrence of leprosy in intra-domiciliary contacts in a capital in the Brazilian northeast region

Abstract INTRODUCTION Intra-domiciliary contacts are a group with the highest risk of developing leprosy. METHODS A cross-sectional study of intra-domiciliary contacts of new leprosy cases was conducted. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed. RESULTS Among 190 contacts, 63% were invited to visit the health unit, and 54.2% received the BCG vaccine. The prevalence of leprosy among the contacts was 4.7%. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of leprosy among the contacts was high and similar to that found previously. There were failures in surveillance actions carried out by health units. Never-before treated cases were found.

Desempenho da vigilância de contatos de casos de hanseníase: uma análise espaço-temporal no Estado da Bahia, Região Nordeste do Brasil / Performance of leprosy case-contact surveillance: a space-time analysis in Bahia State, Northeast Brazil / Desempeño de la vigilancia de contactos en casos de lepra: un análisis espacio-temporal en el estado de Bahía, región nordeste de Brasil

Resumo: Objetivou-se analisar a tendência espaço-temporal da proporção de contatos examinados entre os registrados, segundo perfil demográfico de casos novos de hanseníase diagnosticados no Estado da Bahia, Brasil, na coorte 2003-2014. Trata-se de estudo ecológico de base populacional estadual, com análises temporal e espacial da proporção de contatos examinados entre os registrados segundo características do caso referência de hanseníase, com base no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Ministério da Saúde. A análise de tendência temporal foi baseada na regressão de Poisson por pontos de inflexão (Joinpoints). A análise espacial utilizou a autocorrelação espacial pelo Índice Local de Associação Espacial. Ao longo da série histórica, 52,9% (55.116/104.142) dos contatos registrados foram examinados, com menor proporção entre pessoas < 60 anos, raça/etnia indígena e residentes em municípios de grande porte (em particular na capital). Verificou-se tendência de aumento da proporção de contatos examinados, com menor expressão quando o caso referência de hanseníase era do sexo masculino, de raça/cor preta, residente em zona rural e em cidades de pequeno porte, além da capital do estado. A distribuição espacial demonstrou que a maioria dos municípios apresentou desempenho com parâmetro precário, com aglomerados identificados nas regiões norte e extremo-sul. O Estado da Bahia apresenta desempenho precário das ações de vigilância de contatos, em particular diante de condições de maior vulnerabilidade social. Estratégias adicionais devem ser implementadas com vistas à superação de obstáculos operacionais para essa ação, considerada essencial para a interrupção da transmissão da hanseníase.

Abstract: The aim was to analyze the space-time trend in the proportion of contacts examined among those recorded, according to demographic profile of new leprosy cases in the State of Bahia, Brazil, in the 2003-2014 cohort. This was a state population-based ecological study with temporal and spatial analyses of the proportion of contacts examined among those recorded, according to characteristics of the reference leprosy case, based on the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The time trend analysis was based on Poisson regression (Joinpoints). Spatial analysis used spatial autocorrelation by local indicators of spatial association. Over the course of the historical series, 52.9% (55,116/104,142) of the recorded contacts were examined, with lower proportions in persons < 60 years of age, indigenous individuals, and residents of large cities (especially the state capital Salvador). There was an upward trend in the proportion of contacts examined, less evident when the reference leprosy case was a male, black, living in the rural area, and in small towns or the state capital. Spatial distribution showed that the majority of the municipalities showed precarious performance, with clusters identified in the North and Far South of the state. Bahia shows precarious performance on contact surveillance, particular in conditions of greater social vulnerability. Additional strategies should be implemented in order to overcome the operational obstacles to contact surveillance, considered essential for interrupting leprosy transmission in the state.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la tendencia espacio-temporal de la proporción de contactos examinados entre quienes están registrados, según su perfil demográfico, como casos nuevos de lepra, diagnosticados en el estado de Bahía, Brasil, en la cohorte 2003-2014. Se trata de un estudio ecológico de base poblacional estatal, con análisis temporal y espacial de la proporción de contactos examinados entre los registrados, según las características del caso referencia de lepra, a partir del Sistema de Información sobre Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria del Ministerio de Salud. El análisis de tendencia temporal se basó en la regresión de Poisson por puntos de inflexión (Joinpoints). El análisis espacial utilizó la autocorrelación espacial mediante el Índice Local de Asociación Espacial. A lo largo de la serie histórica, un 52,9% (55.116/104.142) de los contactos registrados fueron examinados, con una menor proporción entre personas < 60 años, raza/etnia indígena y residentes en municipios de gran tamaño (en particular en la capital). Se verificó la tendencia de aumento de la proporción de contactos examinados, con menor expresión, cuando el caso referencia de lepra era de sexo masculino, de raza/color negro, residente en zona rural y en ciudades de pequeño tamaño, en particular en la capital del estado. La distribución espacial demostró que la mayoría de los municipios tuvo un desempeño con parámetro precario, con aglomerados identificados en las regiones Norte y Extremo-Sur. El Estado de Bahía presenta un desempeño precario de las acciones de vigilancia de contactos, en particular ante condiciones de mayor vulnerabilidad social. Deben ser implementadas estrategias adicionales, con el fin de superar obstáculos operacionales para esta acción, considerada esencial para la interrupción de la transmisión de la lepra.

A importância da busca ativa como estratégia de controle da hanseníase em territórios endêmicos / The importance of active surveillance as a strategy to control leprosy in endemic areas

De acordo com a literatura, contatos de casos de hanseníase apresentam maior risco de adoecimento e, nesse sentido, é primordial fortalecer e ampliar as ações de busca ativa de casos no âmbito da atenção primária de saúde, potencializando a ampliação do diagnóstico precoce, tratamento oportuno e demais medidas de vigilância, controle e reabilitação necessárias. Neste cenário, objetivou-se realizar a busca ativa de novos casos de hanseníase em um distrito rural do município de Mantena, MG, e caracterizar a situação socioeconômica e epidemiológica da doença na região. Foram realizadas visitas aos residentes do distrito e palestras informativas sobre a doença, sendo os moradores convidados a participar da pesquisa. Um total de 292 indivíduos foi examinado no período de julho de 2016 a fevereiro de 2017. Foram diagnosticados 27 casos novos, 22 dos quais eram multibacilares. Os graus de incapacidade 1 e 2 foram identificados em 74% da amostra. Sobre as variáveis socioeconômicas, a maioria dos casos possui baixa escolaridade e baixa renda familiar, além de todos os casos terem tido contato com a doença em algum momento. A busca ativa foi eficiente para a detecção de casos novos de hanseníase na população estudada e contribuiu para o controle da doença que é endêmica na região. Ademais, a busca ativa foi relevante, especialmente considerando a baixa instrução dos indivíduos e, portanto, menor acesso à informação.

Contacts of leprosy cases present a higher risk of illness and, therefore it is essential to strengthen and expand actions to actively search for cases in primary health care, thus intensifying early diagnosis, timely treatment and other surveillance measures, and improve control and rehabilitation. In this setting, we aimed to perform the active search of new cases of leprosy in the rural area of Mantena, MG, and to characterize the socioeconomic and epidemiological situation related to the disease in the region. For this purpose, visits were made to the residents of the region with informative talks about the disease, and subsequently inhabitants were invited to participate in the research. A total of 292 individuals were examined from July 2016 to February 2017. Twenty-seven new cases were diagnosed, 22 of which were multibacillary. Grade 1 and 2 physical disabilities were identified in 74% of the new cases. Regarding socioeconomic variables, the majority of the cases had little schooling and low family income. In addition, all cases had had contact with the illness, at some point. We conclude that the active search was efficient to detect new leprosy cases in the population, and it contributed to the control of the disease, which is endemic in the region. In addition, active search is an important methodology, especially when the population involved has little schooling and thus less access to information.

Risk-benefit assessment of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination, anti-phenolic glycolipid I serology, and Mitsuda test response: 10-year follow-up of household contacts of leprosy patients

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Despite multidrug therapy, leprosy remains a public health issue. The intradermal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, Mitsuda test (lepromin skin test), and anti-phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) serology are widely used in leprosy studies and have shown great epidemiological value. METHODS: This longitudinal study evaluated the relative risks and benefits of these three tools by comparing results observed in household contacts (HHCs) of leprosy patients who developed leprosy with those of HHCs who did not in a population of 2,992 individuals monitored during a 10-year period. RESULTS : Seventy-five (2.5%) new leprosy cases were diagnosed, including 28 (0.9%) co-prevalent cases. Therefore, for the risk-benefit assessment, 47 (1.6%) HHCs were considered as truly diagnosed during follow-up. The comparison between healthy and affected contacts demonstrated that not only did BCG vaccination increase protection, but boosters also increased to 95% relative risk (RR) reduction when results for having two or more scars were compared with having no scars [RR, 0.0459; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.006-0.338]. Similarly, Mitsuda reactions >7mm in induration presented 7-fold greater protection against disease development compared to reactions of 0-3mm (RR, 0.1446; 95% CI, 0.0566-0.3696). In contrast, anti-PGL-I ELISA seropositivity indicated a 5-fold RR increase for disease outcome (RR, 5.688; 95% CI, 3.2412-9.9824). The combined effect of no BCG scars, Mitsuda reaction of <7mm, and seropositivity to anti-PGL-I increased the risk for leprosy onset 8-fold (RR, 8.109; 95% CI, 5.1167-12.8511). CONCLUSIONS: The adoption of these combined assays may impose measures for leprosy control strategies.

Prevalence and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in tuberculosis case contacts

INTRODUCTION : The tuberculin test is a diagnostic method for detecting latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, especially among disease contact cases. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among TB contact cases. METHODS : A retrospective cohort study was performed in a reference center for TB. The study population consisted of 2,425 patients who underwent a tuberculin test from 2003 to 2010 and whose results indicated contact with individuals with TB. The data were collected from the registry book of the tuberculin tests, patient files and the Information System Records of Notification Grievance. To verify the evolution of TB, case records through September 2014 were consulted. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). In all hypothesis tests, a significance level of 0.05 was used. RESULTS : From the studied sample, 435 (17.9%) contacts did not return for reading. Among the 1,990 contacts that completed the test, the prevalence of latent TB infection was 35.4%. Of these positive cases, 50.6% were referred to treatment; the dropout rate was 42.5%. Among all of the contacts, the TB prevalence was 1.8%, from which 13.2% abandoned treatment. CONCLUSIONS : The collected data indicate the need for more effective public policies to improve TB control, including administering tests that do not require a return visit for reading, enhancing contact tracing and encouraging actions that reinforce full treatment adherence. .

Characteristics of leprosy diagnosed through the surveillance of contacts: a comparison with index cases in Rio de Janeiro, 1987-2010

Contact surveillance is an important strategy to ensure effective early diagnosis and control of leprosy; passive detection may not be as efficient because it is directly tied to the ready availability of heath care services and health education campaigns. The aim of this study was to reinforce that contact surveillance is the most effective strategy for the control of leprosy. The analysed data were obtained from a cohort of contacts and cases diagnosed through a national referral service for leprosy. We analysed data from patients diagnosed between 1987-2010 at the Souza Araújo Ambulatory in Rio de Janeiro. Epidemiological characteristics of leprosy cases diagnosed through contact surveillance and characteristics of passively detected index cases were compared using a conditional logistic regression model. Cases diagnosed by contact surveillance were found earlier in the progression of the disease, resulting in less severe clinical presentations, lower levels of initial and final disability grades, lower initial and final bacterial indices and a lower prevalence of disease reaction. In this respect, contact surveillance proved to be an effective tertiary prevention strategy, indicating that active surveillance is especially important in areas of high endemicity, such as Brazil.

Leprosy exposure, infection and disease: a 25-year surveillance study of leprosy patient contacts

Contact surveillance is a valuable strategy for controlling leprosy. A dynamic cohort study of leprosy contacts was initiated in 1987 at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. The objective of this work was to review the data on the major risk factors leading up to the infectious stage of the disease, estimate incidence rates of leprosy in the cohort and characterise the risk factors for the disease among the contacts under surveillance. The incidence rate of leprosy among contacts of leprosy patients was estimated at 0.01694 cases per person-year in the first five years of follow-up. The following factors were associated with acquiring the disease: (i) not receiving the BCG vaccine, (ii) a negative Mitsuda reaction and (iii) contact with a patient with a multibacillary clinical form of leprosy. The contacts of index patients who had high bacilloscopic index scores > 1 were at especially high risk of infection. The following factors were associated with infection, which was defined as a seropositive reaction for anti-phenolic glicolipid-1 IgM: (i) young age (< 20 years), (ii) a low measured Mitsuda reaction (< 5 mm) and (iii) contact with an index patient who had a high bacilloscopic index. BCG vaccination and re-vaccination were shown to be protective among household contacts. The main conclusions of this study indicate an urgent need for additional leprosy control strategies in areas with a high incidence of the disease.

Simulación del nivel de eliminación de sarampión y rubéola según la estratificación e interacción social / Simulating measles and rubella elimination levels according to social stratification and interaction

Objetivo Comparar el nivel de eliminación de enfermedades como sarampión y rubéola en población homogénea y heterogénea según la existencia de estratos sociales con interacción entre individuos de estrato social alto y bajo y diversidad en el número promedio de contactos entre ellos. Métodos Simulaciones del ritmo reproductivo efectivo, derivado de un modelo matemático tipo SIR (Susceptibles Infectados Recuperados), según diferentes ritmos de inmunidad. Se utilizaron datos de incidencia de sarampión (1980 y 2005) y rubéola (1998 y 2005) de América Latina y el Caribe. Se analizó la interacción entre individuos del estrato social alto y bajo con diferente número promedio de contactos mediante análisis de red aleatoria bipartita. Las simulaciones se ejecutaron en MAPLE 12 (Maplesoft Inc, Ontario Canada). Resultados En la población socialmente homogénea se reprodujo el avance en la eliminación de ambas enfermedades entre los dos períodos de tiempo. En el estrato alto y bajo, se lograría la eliminación en sarampión (2005) pero en rubéola (2005) sólo se lograría si hay alto ritmo de inmunidad en el estrato bajo. Si varía el número promedio de contactos habituales, no se lograría la eliminación de rubéola ni con un ritmo de inmunidad de 95 por ciento. Conclusión El seguimiento del nivel de eliminación de enfermedades como sarampión y rubéola demanda la consideración de la situación socioeconómica y del patrón de interacción de la población. Especial atención se debe prestar a comunidades con diversidad en el número promedio de contactos en espacios confinados como comunidades desplazadas, carcelarias, educativas, hospitalarias, etc.

Objective The study was aimed at comparing measles and rubella disease elimination levels in a homogeneous and heterogeneous population according to socioeconomic status with interactions amongst low- and high-income individuals and diversity in the average number of contacts amongst them. Methods Effective reproductive rate simulations were deduced from a susceptibleinfected- recovered (SIR) mathematical model according to different immunisation rates using measles (1980 and 2005) and rubella (1998 and 2005) incidence data from Latin-America and the Caribbean. Low- and high-income individuals' social interaction and their average number of contacts were analysed by bipartite random network analysis. MAPLE 12 (Maplesoft Inc, Ontario Canada) software was used for making the simulations. Results The progress made in eliminating both diseases between both periods of time was reproduced in the socially-homogeneous population. Measles (2005) would be eliminated in high- and low-income groups; however, it would only be achieved in rubella (2005) if there were a high immunity rate amongst the low-income group. If the average number of contacts were varied, then rubella would not be eliminated, even with a 95 percent immunity rate. Conclusion Monitoring the elimination level in diseases like measles and rubella requires that socio-economic status be considered as well as the population's interaction pattern. Special attention should be paid to communities having diversity in their average number of contacts occurring in confined spaces such as displaced communities, prisons, educational establishments, or hospitals.

Asymptomatic infection in family contacts of patients with human visceral leishmaniasis in Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil / Infecção assintomática em contactantes de pacientes com leishmaniose visceral humana em Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

The Brazilian city of Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul State, has experienced an urban outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis since 2000. In 2002, due to the increase in the number of cases, 46 families with cases of visceral leishmaniasis were studied to verify the prevalence of asymptomatic infection in household contacts. Indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA showed a 36.4 percent positive infection rate. There were no cases of symptomatic disease among these contacts. There was no statistically significant difference in gender or age. Median age was 21 years, and the 10-19-year age bracket was the most heavily affected (23 percent). As for family characteristics, no differences were observed in schooling or family income; most families (58.7 percent) owned their homes, which were built of masonry (97.8 percent) and had adequate infrastructure. All the families reported what were probably phlebotomine sand flies in the peridomicile. In conclusion, asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis infection is frequent and occurs in both males and females, regardless of age.

O Município de Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, foi alvo de uma epidemia de leishmaniose visceral a partir de 2000. Em 2002, devido ao incremento de casos, estudou-se 46 famílias que apresentavam um caso de doença para verificar-se o percentual de positividade de infecção assintomática por leishmaniose visceral em contactantes. Encontrou-se 36,4 por cento de positividade pelos testes sorológicos Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta e/ou imunoenzimático ELISA, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto ao sexo e faixa etária. A mediana de idade foi de 21 anos, sendo a faixa etária mais acometida de 10 a 19 anos (23 por cento). Quanto às características familiares não observaram-se diferenças quanto ao nível de instrução e renda familiar; a moradia, em sua maioria, era própria (58,7 por cento), em alvenaria (97,8 por cento), com infra-estrutura adequada. Todas as famílias relataram a presença de provável flebotomíneo no peridomicílio. Conclui-se que a infecção assintomática por leishmaniose visceral é freqüente, ocorrendo em homens e mulheres, independente de faixa etária.

Avaliação e controle de contatos faltosos de doentes com hanseníase / Evaluación y control de contactos faltantes de enfermos con lepra / Evaluation and control of missing contacts of leprosy patients

Estudo descritivo, com variáveis qualitativas, realizado no Ambulatório Regional de Especialidades de Taubaté, com objetivo de resgatar e avaliar contatos faltosos de doentes de hanseníase. Analisou-se 36 prontuários de casos novos, no período de janeiro de 2003 a julho de 2004. Identificou-se 92 contatos, sendo 64,1 por cento faltosos, tendo 25 por cento entre 20 a 29 anos e 58,5 por cento do sexo feminino. Destes, 61 por cento foram submetidos à consulta de enfermagem no domicilio. Relataram não adesão ao controle por esquecimento (66,6 por cento), e falta de tempo (11,1 por cento); 4 contatos tinham sintomas de hanseníase, e 1 foi confirmado (forma transmissível - Dimorfa). Sem atingir 100 por cento da cobertura de busca ativa, sugerimos, para assegurar a meta de eliminação da doença, parcerias e descentralização das ações de controle.

Descriptive study, with qualitative variables, carried on in the Ambulatory of Specialties Region of Taubaté, in order to evaluate the missing contacts of leprosy patients. Thirty-six records of new cases were analyzed, from January 2003 to July 2004. Ninety-two contacts were identified, being 64.1 percent missing ones, having 25 percent from 20 to 29 years and 58.5 percent female. Of these, 61 percent were submitted to consultation of home nursing. Reported non-membership to the control for forgetfulness (66.6 percent), and lack of time (11.1 percent), 4 contacts had symptoms of leprosy, and 1 was confirmed (transmissible form - Dimorfa). Without achieving 100 percent coverage active search, we suggest, to ensure the goal of eliminating of the disease, partnerships and decentralization of the control activities.

Estudio descriptivo, con cualitativas variable, realizado en el Ambulatorio de Especialidades Regional de Taubaté, a fin de canjear y evaluar las deficiencias de enfermos de lepra. Se analizaron los registros de 36 nuevos casos, entre enero de 2003 y julio de 2004. Se identificaron 92 contactos, sendo 64,1 por ciento deficiencias, tendo 25 por ciento de 20 a 29 años y 58,5 por ciento mujeres. De estos, 61 por ciento fueron sometidos a consulta en la casa de los enfermos . Informó de la no pertenencia al control en el olvido (66,6 por ciento), y la falta de tiempo (11,1 por ciento), 4 contactos había síntomas de la lepra, y se confirmó 1 (formulario transmisibles - Dimorfa). Sin lograr una cobertura del 100 por ciento del activo de búsqueda, le sugerimos que, para garantizar el objetivo de eliminar la enfermedad, las asociaciones y la descentralización de las actividades de control.

Hanseníase: o controle dos contatos no município de Londrina-PR em um período de dez anos / Lepra: el control de los contactos en el municipio de Londrina-PR en un periodo de diez años / Leprosy: control of household contacts in the municipality of Londrina-PR for a ten-year period

Estudo descritivo, com o objetivo de analisar variáveis relacionadas aos contatos de pacientes com hanseníase atendidos no município de Londrina, num período de dez anos. Os dados foram obtidos das fichas de comunicantes e do SINAN. Dentre os 1055 casos de hanseníase, foram registrados 3394 contatos, com média de 3,2. Os indivíduos mais expostos possuem até 40 anos de idade (71,5 por cento), sendo filhos/a (40,6 por cento) e esposo/a (17,8 por cento). Foram examinados 1731 (51,0 por cento) contatos, dos quais, 183 apresentavam algum sinal de hanseníase: confirmados 16 casos, descartados 47 e não concluíram a investigação 120 (65,6 por cento). A maioria dos contatos (51,6 por cento) foi exposta às formas multibacilares e 10,1 por cento comprovaram a efetivação de duas doses da BCG. Conclui-se que está havendo falhas no acompanhamento dos contatos.

The purpose of this descriptive study is to analyze variables related to leprosy patients' household contacts who received treatment in Londrina-PR-Brazil for a ten-year period. The data analysis was based on the health service's records and from a system of infectious disease. Out of 1055 leprosy's patients, it was recorded 3394 contacts with an average of 3,2. The most exposed individuals were those aged up to 40 (71,5 percent); son/daughter (40.6 percent) and husband/wife (17.8 percent). Of the1731 contacts (51.0 percent) examined, 183 showed some signs of the disease: there were 16 confirmed cases, 47 were excluded and 120 did not finish the clinical investigation. Most of the contacts (51.6 percent) were exposed to the multibacillary forms and 12.8 percent proved they were vaccinated with two doses of BCG. It is possible to conclude that the follow-up of the contacts was not adequate.

Estudio descriptivo, con el objetivo de analizar variables relacionadas a los contactos de pacientes con Lepra que son atendidos en el município de Londrina, en un período de diez años. Los datos fueron obtenidos en las fichas de los acompañantes y del SINAN (órgano del MInisterio de Salud que registra la ocurrencia de toda enfermedad transmisible). Entre los 1055 casos de hanseníase, fueron registrados 3394 contactos, con una media de 3,2. Los individuos más expuestos tienen hasta 40 años de edad (71,5 por ciento), siendo hijos/as (40,6 por ciento) y esposos/as (17,8 por ciento). Fueron examinados 1731 (51,0 por ciento) contactos, de los cuales, 183 presentaban alguna señal de la lepra: confirmados 16 casos, descartados 47 y sin concluir la investigación 120. La mayoría de los contactos (51,6 por ciento) fue expuesta a las formas multibacilares y 12,8 por ciento comprobó la administración de dos dosis de la BCG. Se concluye que está habiendo fallas en el acompañamiento de los contactos.

Análise da qualidade dos registros nos prontuários de gestantes com exame de VDRL reagente / Analysis of the quality of information in medical files from pregnant women with positive VDRL test

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a qualidade dos registros nos prontuários de gestantes com Venereal Disease Research Laboratory- VDRL reagente, no período de 2000 a 2005, em uma unidade básica de saúde. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo retrospectivo, realizado em uma instituição escolar em Fortaleza, Ceará, nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2006. Foram analisados 19 prontuários de gestantes com VDRL reagente. As variáveis avaliadas foram os registros sobre prescrição do tratamento da gestante, convocação e tratamento do parceiro, reação sorológica de controle de cura e notificação do caso. Não havia informações sobre o tratamento da gestante em oito (42%) prontuários, 15 (79%) não apresentavam registro da convocação do parceiro, em 19 (100%), não havia nenhuma informação acerca do tratamento do parceiro sexual, sete (38%) não apresentavam informação sobre VDRL de controle e, em 16 (84%) prontuários, não havia registro de notificação do caso. Pode-se concluir que as informações disponíveis nos prontuários referentes ao acompanhamento pré-natal de gestantes com VDRL reagente são precárias, prejudicando uma ação mais efetiva no controle da sífilis na gestação, na instituição avaliada.

The aim of this study was to analyze the quality of the medical files of pregnant women with a positive VDRL test in a primary level health care facility between 2000 and 2005. This is a retrospective and descriptive study, carried out in a teaching institution in Fortaleza, State of Ceará, from September to October 2006. Nineteen medical files of pregnant women with a positive VDRL test were analyzed. Variables evaluated were: prescribed treatment of the pregnant woman, summons and treatment of the sexual partner, post-treatment VDRL titers and case notification. Eight (42%) medical files had no information about the treatment provided to the pregnant woman; 15 (79%) had no information about summoning of the sexual partner; 19 (100%) contained no information related to partner treatment, seven (38%) had no information about post-treatment VDRL titers, and 16 (84%) had no information about case notification. One can concluded that information available in the medical files of pregnant women with positive VDRL tests receiving pre-natal care is precarious, impairing more effective action in controlling prenatal syphilis in the health care facility studied.

O controle de comunicantes de tuberculose no programa de controle da tuberculose em um município de médio porte da Região Sudeste do Brasil, em 2002 / Investigation of tuberculosis contacts in the tuberculosis control program of a medium-sized municipality in the southeast of Brazil in 2002

OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem o objetivo de descrever as ações de controle dos comunicantes de tuberculose no Programa de Controle da Tuberculose do Município de São José do Rio Preto (SP), em 2002. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, utilizando dados secundários do Sistema de Informação de Notificação de Tuberculose, prontuários e planilhas de registros do programa de controle da tuberculose. RESULTADOS: Estavam inscritos no programa 166 comunicantes intradomiciliares de tuberculose em 2002, sendo 82 do sexo masculino e 84 do feminino, com maior incidência de casos na faixa etária de 15 e 59 anos (70 por cento); 42 tinham entre 0 e 19 anos (25,3 por cento), 73 entre 20 e 49 anos (44 por cento), e 44 tinham 50 anos ou mais (25,5 por cento). Quanto ao grau de parentesco, 41 eram filhos, 29 companheiros, 22 irmãos e 15 mães do paciente índice. Com relação aos exames solicitados, observou-se que: 12 por cento realizaram baciloscopia e/ou cultura; 100 por cento realizaram radiografia de tórax, e destes, 2 apresentaram suspeita de tuberculose pulmonar e 5 outras afecções; 7,2 por cento realizaram prova tuberculínica, com 4,2 por cento de não reatores e 1,2 por cento com enduração igual a 8 mm. Dos comunicantes examinados, 3 tiveram a doença detectada (1,8 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: O serviço mostrou que não há uma sistematização em relação ao monitoramento do controle dos comunicantes de pacientes com tuberculose.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the investigation of tuberculosis contacts enrolled in the Tuberculosis Control Program of the municipality of São José do Rio Preto, Brazil in 2002. METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted using secondary data obtained from the Tuberculosis Notification Database, as well as charts and registries compiled by the São José do Rio Preto Tuberculosis Control Program in 2002. RESULTS: A total of 166 household tuberculosis contacts were enrolled in the Program. Of those, 82 were male, and 84 were females. The incidence of tuberculosis was highest (70 percent) in the 15 to 59 age bracket: 42 (25.3 percent) of the cases occurred in individuals from 0 to 19 years of age; 73 (44 percent) in those from 20 to 49; and 44 (25.5 percent) in those 50 or over. In terms of their relationship with the index patient, 41 (24.7 percent) were children; 29 (17.5 percent) were partners; 22 (13.2 percent) were siblings, and 15 (9.1 percent) were mothers. The following tests were requested: (in 12 percent) sputum smear microscopy, culture or both; (in 100 percent) chest X-ray, revealing 2 suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and 5 cases of other diseases; (in 7.2 percent) tuberculin skin test, the results of which showed that 4.2 percent were nonreactors, and that 1.2 percent presented an induration of 8 mm. Among the contacts examined, the disease was detected in 3 (1.8 percent). CONCLUSION: There is no systematization in the monitoring of individuals who are in contact with tuberculosis patients.

Risk of tuberculosis among household contacts in Salvador, Bahia

Tuberculosis is one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. Only 68 percent of the estimated new tuberculosis (TB) cases in Brazil are diagnosed. Our aim was to determine the risk of infection among household contacts. Study design. Cohort of tuberculin-negative household contacts followed for 12 Months. Methods. Household contacts of randomly selected index acid-fast bacilli (AFB)-positive TB cases were evaluated through clinical examination, thorax X-ray, tuberculin, AFB smear and culture. Contacts with a negative response to the tuberculin test (less than 10 mm diameter) were retested after 90 days. Tuberculin reversal (used as a parameter of infection risk) was defined as an increase of at least 10 mm from the last measurement. Results. 269 household contacts were followed. The prevalence of disease in this population was 3.7 percent. The prevalence of infection after the 12-month follow-up period was 63.9 percent. The risk of infection was 31.1 percent within 120 ± 48 days. Conclusion. Household contacts of AFB positive tuberculosis patients have a very high prevalence and risk of tuberculosis infection. TB preventive or therapeutic measures directed towards this group should be implemented in Brazil.

Seroprevalencia del HTLV-I en familiares de pacientes con paraparesia espástica (HAM/TSP y PEP) / Seroprevalence of HTLV-I in the family of patients with spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP and PEP)

The seroprevalence of HTLV-I was studied in parents, brothers, siblings and sexual partners of 147 patients with spastic paraparesis assocaited to HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP) and 84 patients with HTLV-1 negative spastic pararparesis (SP). Seroprevalence was 29.1 percent for HAM/SP and 0 percent for SP relatives (p<0.001); the last figure is similar to that of the general population. Seroprevalence in sexual partners was 65 percent, suggesting that sexual intercourse is the principal route of transmission. Likewise, seroprevalence in siblings of mothers with HAM/TSP or HTLV-1 positive was 17.6 percent, suggesting a high maternal transmission

Control de los niños contacto de tuberculosis en el área norte de Santigo entre 1988 y 1993 / Control of tuberculosis contact children in the north area at Santigo between 1988 and 1993

Se presenta el análisis del control de los niños contacto de tuberculosis en el área norte de Santigo entre 1988 y 1993. Fueron controlados 867 niños procedentes de 348 grupos sociales, cuya distribución por edad y sexo corresponde a la del área Norte. El control se realizó en base a una norma prospectiva adecuada a la realidad del área, basada en la norma nacional. Se detectaron tasas de 29,6 grupos sociales expuestos y 89 contactos por 100.000 niños menores de 15 años y 4,6 por ciento de los contactos resultaron enfermos de tuberculosis. El control completo de los contactos se logró sólo en 57,6 por ciento de ellos. Se registra gran inasistencia entre los niños procedentes de consultorios rurales, los cuales a su vez generaron muchos menos grupos sociales que los que les correspondería. Durante el control, los casos de tuberculosis detectados entre los contactos correspondieron a formas inaparentes (51,2 por ciento), primarias (46,3 por ciento) y pleural (2,5 por ciento). El análisis de los contactos posibles de captar frente a los probables, que deben haber en la población permite delimitar metas programáticas adecuadas a cada lugar, cuyo cumplimiento podría tener importancia en la reducción de la tuberculosis del adulto

Seroepidemiología familiar de la toxocariasis / Familial seroepidemiology of toxocariasis

Se estudio prospectivamente 78 casos índices pediátricos, infectados por Toxocara sp. y su grupo familiar que dio un total de 356 personas, conjuntamente con 28 familias conformadas por 97 integrantes, libres de esta infeccion, siendo ambos grupos comparables. A cada familia se le aplicó el índice de Graffar modificado con el fin de evaluar el nivel socioeconómico y cultural de los hogares. Además a cada persona se le hizo una anamnesis, examen físico y ELISA para toxocariasis. Los hábitos como geofagia, juegos o manipulación de tierra, el inadecuado lavado de las manos en especial antes de ingerir alimentos, al igual que la edad de los perros, resultaron estadísticamente mas frecuentes en la familias infectadas. En los hogares con un paciente con toxocariasis, un promedio de 2,8 de sus integrantes tenía serología positiva para la parasitosis a títulos significativos. Se destaca la distribución intrafamiliar de esta infección y la importancia de su prevención primaria